Dating the crucifixion.

Every clue used to date Jesus' death, from the terms of Pilate and Caiaphas to the phases of the moon, each graded for how firm it is. The Passover dates for 26-36 CE are worked out from astronomy, with the method explained.

Firm 3Computed 1Probable 3Disputed 2Weak 3
Josephus, Ant. 18.89; Tacitus, Annals 15.44; the Pilate stone

Pilate was prefect of Judaea

Pilate governed Judaea for about ten years, from 26 to late 36 or early 37.

Firm
Josephus, Ant. 18.35, 18.95

Caiaphas was high priest

Joseph Caiaphas held the high priesthood through the whole of Pilate's term.

Firm
Mark 15:42; Matt 27:62; Luke 23:54; John 19:31, 42

The crucifixion was on a Friday

All four Gospels place the death on the "Preparation", the day before the Sabbath.

Firm
John 18:28; 19:14 against Mark 14:12-17

Passover eve or Passover day

John has Jesus die as the Passover lambs were killed; the first three Gospels place a Passover meal the night before.

Disputed
Astronomy (lunar calculation)

Friday Passovers, 26-36 CE

Of the years 26-36, the Friday dates are 7 April 30 and 3 April 33 for Nisan 14; Nisan 15 fits only under looser assumptions.

Computed
Luke 3:1-2

"The fifteenth year of Tiberius"

Luke dates the start of John the Baptist's preaching to Tiberius' fifteenth year.

Probable
John 2:20; Josephus, Ant. 15.380

"Forty-six years" building the Temple

John's figure, counted from Herod's start in about 20/19 BCE, gives a Passover early in Jesus' ministry around 27/28.

Probable
Mark (one Passover) against John (three)

The length of the ministry

The Synoptic outline fits a single year; John mentions three Passovers.

Disputed
Gal 1:18; 2:1; Acts 18:12 (Gallio)

Paul's chronology

Counting back from Paul's dated stay in Corinth, his conversion falls within a few years of the crucifixion.

Probable
Luke 3:23

"Jesus was about thirty"

Luke's "about thirty" at the start of the ministry is an approximation.

Weak
Acts 2:20; the lunar eclipse of 3 April 33

The "moon turned to blood"

A partial lunar eclipse rose over Jerusalem on 3 April 33; some read Peter's quotation of Joel as an allusion to it.

Weak
Africanus; Origen

The darkness reported by Thallus and Phlegon

No solar eclipse can occur at Passover, which falls at full moon.

Weak
← All clues

Pilate was prefect of Judaea

GradeFirm

The Christian case

All four Gospels place Jesus' trial and death under Pontius Pilate, and the outside evidence confirms both the man and his time in office. The Jewish historian Josephus writes that "Pilate, when he had tarried ten years in Judea, made haste to Rome ... but before he could get to Rome Tiberius was dead" (Antiquities 18.89). The Roman historian Tacitus, no friend of Christianity, records that "Christus ... suffered the extreme penalty during the reign of Tiberius at the hands of one of our procurators, Pontius Pilatus" (Annals 15.44). And a stone found in 1961 in the theatre at Caesarea, the only inscription from Pilate's lifetime, names "Pontius Pilate, prefect of Judaea". On this point the Gospels stand on firm historical ground.

What the research found

Firm. Tiberius died in March 37, so Pilate's ten years ran from about 26 CE to late 36 or early 37. That sets the outer window for the crucifixion at about 26-36 CE.

Explore the counterarguments

There is no serious dispute here; Pilate's existence and office were never in real doubt. The limit is that this clue gives a window of about ten years, not a date. Tacitus calls Pilate "procurator" where the inscription shows his title was prefect, which suggests Tacitus was not copying an official record, though it does not affect the dates.

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